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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

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Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory...
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Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

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DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
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Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

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Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
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Cognitive functioning among patients with diabetic foot.

Anna Marseglia1, Weili Xu2, Debora Rizzuto2

  • 1Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of NeuroscienceAging section, Italian National Council Research (CNR), Padua, Italy.

Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications
|August 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diabetic foot patients aged 65+ show cognitive decline linked to amputation and microvascular issues. Poor glycemic control also impacts cognitive function in this elderly group.

Keywords:
CognitionDiabetesDiabetes complicationDiabetic footHbA1c

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology
  • Geriatrics

Background:

  • Diabetic foot (DF) serves as an indicator of severe diabetes.
  • Cognitive impairment is a significant concern in individuals with diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cognitive profile of diabetic foot patients.
  • To examine the relationship between cognitive function and diabetes complications/comorbidities.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed 153 dementia-free diabetic foot patients (aged 30-90) using medical records and cognitive tests.
  • Collected data on diabetes complications, comorbidities, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).
  • Employed robust logistic or quantile regression for data analysis.

Main Results:

  • 40% of patients exhibited global cognitive dysfunction (Mini-Mental Examination [MMSE] score ≤24).
  • In elderly patients (≥65), MMSE impairment correlated with amputation and episodic memory deficits.
  • Microvascular complications were linked to episodic memory impairment.
  • Elderly patients with HbA1c <7% showed increased psychomotor slowness and abstract reasoning impairment.

Conclusions:

  • Amputation, microvascular diseases, and glycemic control are associated with cognitive deficits in older diabetic foot patients (≥65).
  • Cognitive domains like episodic memory and executive functions are particularly affected.