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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos
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Eye contact modulates cognitive processing differently in children with autism.

Terje Falck-Ytter1, Christoffer Carlström, Martin Johansson

  • 1Karolinska Institutet; Uppsala University.

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Eye contact improves memory in typically developing children, but not in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This difference persists despite similar attention patterns, suggesting unique social communication challenges in ASD.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Developmental neuroscience
  • Social communication research

Background:

  • Social interaction involves cognitive processing, with eye contact playing a key role.
  • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by social communication deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differential impact of eye contact on memory in children with typical development versus those with ASD.
  • To explore whether attention differences explain the effects of eye contact on memory.

Main Methods:

  • A cognitive test assessing memory for nonsocial information was administered to children.
  • Eye tracking technology monitored participants' eye movements during the test.
  • Participants included 6-year-old children with typical development (n=25) and ASD (n=10).

Main Results:

  • Direct gaze facilitated memory performance in typically developing children.
  • No memory facilitation was observed in children with ASD when direct gaze was present.
  • Eye tracking revealed comparable eye movement patterns across both groups, ruling out overt attention differences.

Conclusions:

  • The effect of eye contact on memory for nonsocial information differs between children with typical development and those with ASD.
  • Findings suggest that social communication differences, not attention, underlie the observed memory effects in ASD.
  • Results have implications for cognitive testing practices in children, particularly those with ASD.