Structural classification and general principles for the design of spherical molecular hosts

Cryptands, carcerands, polyoxometalates, and molecular capsules are cagelike hosts that complex guests through encapsulation. Following the discovery of a nanometer scale supramolecular shell-like spheroid, these and other shell-like hosts were structurally classified. Their frameworks may be catalogued according to principles of solid geometry. This has led to the identification of hosts that have not yet been synthesized or discovered (such as the cuboctahedron shown; X=O, S) and should lead to the design of additional container assemblies.