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Related Concept Videos

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
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Eukaryotic cells acquire nutrients for growth and proliferation. Nutrients and other molecules that require degradation are internalized from the extracellular space by a process called endocytosis. The term ‘endocytosis' was first coined by Christian de Duve in 1963.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Evaluation of LC3-II Release via Extracellular Vesicles in Relation to the Accumulation of Intracellular LC3-positive Vesicles
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A Vps21 endocytic module regulates autophagy.

Yong Chen1, Fan Zhou2, Shenshen Zou1

  • 1College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.

Molecular Biology of the Cell
|August 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The endocytic Vps21 module, previously known for endosome transport, also regulates autophagy in yeast. Mutations in this module disrupt autophagy, causing autophagosome accumulation, suggesting pathway convergence.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Autophagy Research

Background:

  • Autophagy is a cellular process for degrading components via the lysosome.
  • Conserved Ypt/Rab GTPases control cellular trafficking, including autophagy.
  • Rab7 and yeast Ypt7 regulate lysosome fusion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the Rab5-related Vps21 GTPase in autophagy.
  • To determine if the Vps21 endocytic module influences autophagic pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of vps21∆ mutant yeast cells.
  • Fluorescence and electron microscopy.
  • Investigating mutations in Vps21 module components (Vps9, Vac1, CORVET, Pep12, Vps45).

Main Results:

  • vps21∆ mutant cells exhibit defects in both selective and nonselective autophagy.
  • Autophagosomal structures accumulate outside the vacuole in vps21∆ mutants.
  • Mutations in other Vps21 module components also impair autophagy and cause autophagosome accumulation.
  • Vps21 localizes to the phagophore assembly site (PAS).

Conclusions:

  • The endocytic Vps21 module plays a crucial role in regulating autophagy.
  • Autophagy and endocytosis pathways converge via the Vps21 and Ypt7 GTPase modules.