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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...

Perceptual Constancy

Perceptual Constancy

Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that objects remain consistent and unchanged even when their appearance varies due to changes in sensory input. There are four main types of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, and brightness constancy.
Size constancy is the recognition that an object remains the same size, even when its image on the retina changes. For instance, a bus is perceived to be large enough to carry people, even if it looks tiny from...

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...

Gestalt Principles of Perception

Gestalt Principles of Perception

Gestalt principles provide a framework for understanding how humans perceive objects as unified wholes within their context. These principles are essential in explaining the cognitive processes that make sense of complex visual stimuli by organizing them into coherent groups. One fundamental principle is proximity, which posits that objects located close to each other are perceived as a collective group. For instance, when dots are positioned near one another, the visual system interprets them...

Lobes of the Cerebrum

Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements....

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

Tasks Driven by Perceptual Information Do Not Recruit Sustained BOLD Activity in Cingulo-Opercular Regions.

Joseph W Dubis¹, Joshua S Siegel¹, Maital Neta¹

¹Department of Neurology.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

|August 24, 2014

Summary

Sustained brain activity in the cingulo-opercular network (dACC/msFC and aI/fO) may not always maintain task sets. Perceptually driven tasks show less sustained activity, suggesting this network is not universally involved in task maintenance.

Keywords:

cognitive control fMRI sustained BOLD task set task-control signals

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Last Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

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A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

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Published on: July 9, 2016

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Neuroscience
Neuroimaging

Background:

Sustained blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/medial superior frontal cortex (dACC/msFC) and bilateral anterior insula/frontal operculum (aI/fO) is considered a task set maintenance signal.
Previous meta-analyses indicate sustained cingulo-opercular activity across various tasks, but exceptions exist for perceptually driven tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

To test the generality of the observation that perceptually driven tasks lack sustained cingulo-opercular activity.
To address alternative explanations for sustained cingulo-opercular activity, such as task difficulty and verbal vs. non-verbal demands.

Main Methods:

A new, difficult, perceptually driven task was designed and compared with two new tasks requiring information beyond the stimulus.
Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals were measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Main Results:

The perceptually driven task exhibited a lack of sustained cingulo-opercular activity.
In contrast, the two tasks not solely dependent on perceptual information showed sustained cingulo-opercular activity.

Conclusions:

Sustained cingulo-opercular activity is not a universal task set maintenance signal.
This network's involvement in task set maintenance appears limited to a subset of tasks, particularly those not driven solely by perceptual information.