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Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
Published on: November 21, 2013
Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome
Tanya K Murphy1, Diana M Gerardi1, James F Leckman2
1Rothman Center for Pediatric Neuropsychiatry, USF Pediatrics, 880 6th Street South, Suite 460, Box 7523, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
Abstract:
Whether some instances of obsessive-compulsive disorder are secondary to infectious and/or autoimmune processes is still under scientific debate. The nosology has undergone an iterative process of criteria and acronyms from PITANDS to PANDAS to PANS (or CANS for neurology). This review focuses on the clinical presentation, assessment, proposed pathophysiology, and treatment of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus (PANDAS), and the newest iteration, pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS). Children who have these symptoms, which have become known as PANS, have been described by their parents as "changed children."
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