Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 25, 2026
05:46
Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
Published on: April 9, 2014
20.3K
Antiretroviral therapy: current drugs
1Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 11C103 (MSC 1880), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
|August 25, 2014
Summary
Antiretroviral therapy has revolutionized HIV treatment, dramatically improving patient survival through effective viral suppression. This review covers the history, pharmacology, and clinical use of these life-saving drugs.
Area of Science:
- Pharmacology
- Infectious Diseases
- Drug Development
Background:
- The development of antiretroviral therapy (ART) represents a significant advancement in modern medicine.
- Chronic combination ART targets multiple stages of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replicative cycle.
Observation:
- Combination ART achieves durable and maximal suppression of plasma viremia.
- This viral suppression has led to a dramatic improvement in patient survival rates.
Findings:
- This article provides a comprehensive review of antiretroviral drug development history.
- It discusses the clinical pharmacology, efficacy, and toxicities of commonly used ART agents.
Implications:
- Understanding ART history and clinical profiles is crucial for effective HIV management.
- Continued research in antiretroviral pharmacology promises further improvements in patient outcomes.
Keywords:
Antiretroviral therapyCCR5 antagonistFusion inhibitorHIVIntegrase strand transfer inhibitorsNon-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorsNucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitorsProtease inhibitorsMore Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
01:10Retrovirus Life Cycles
42.8K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
42.8K
02:33Retroviruses
11.9K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
11.9K
01:30Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis
55
Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
55
01:29Subviral Agents
921
Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
921
01:16Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Overview and Classification
635
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a clinical practice that measures specific drug levels in a patient's blood at designated intervals to ensure the drug concentration stays within a therapeutic range. This monitoring is crucial for optimizing individual dosage regimens, enhancing therapeutic efficacy, and minimizing drug-related toxicity. TDM is vital for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, significant variability in pharmacokinetics, and a clear correlation between plasma levels and...
635
01:29Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors
428
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to manage and optimize therapy. TDM is crucial for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, like warfarin and phenytoin, where incorrect doses can lead to treatment failure or severe side effects. This monitoring ensures the dosage administered is within a safe and effective range. The factors affecting therapeutic drug monitoring include:Patient-Specific Factors:a.
428