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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

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Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
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Antiretroviral therapy: when to start.

Christopher J Sellers1, David A Wohl1

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, 130 Mason Farm Road, CB# 7030, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7030, USA.

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
|August 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) early in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is increasingly supported by scientific evidence and professional guidelines. Early ART initiation is recommended for improved patient outcomes.

Keywords:
AntiretroviralCD4Human immunodeficiency virusInitiationStartTherapyTiming

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a significant global health challenge.
  • The management of HIV has evolved significantly with the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART).
  • Optimal timing for ART initiation is crucial for patient prognosis and disease control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current scientific evidence on the timing of antiretroviral therapy initiation.
  • To examine professional guidelines concerning the initiation of HIV treatment.
  • To discuss the benefits of early ART initiation in the context of HIV disease progression.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific evidence.
  • Analysis of current professional guidelines.
  • Synthesis of data regarding treatment timing and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Growing body of evidence supports early initiation of ART.
  • Professional guidelines increasingly recommend earlier treatment commencement.
  • Early ART initiation is associated with improved clinical outcomes and reduced viral load.

Conclusions:

  • The scientific consensus favors early initiation of antiretroviral therapy for individuals with HIV.
  • Prompt treatment is essential for managing HIV disease effectively.
  • Adherence to guidelines for early ART initiation is critical for public health efforts against HIV.