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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity01:25

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Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...
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Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

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Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
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Mutations01:39

Mutations

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Overview
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Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
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Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

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Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Zebrafish as a Model to Assess the Teratogenic Potential of Nitrite
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Renal teratogens.

Thomas M Morgan1, Deborah P Jones2, William O Cooper3

  • 1Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2200 Children's Way, 6120 Doctor's Office Tower, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.

Clinics in Perinatology
|August 27, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prenatal drug exposure can harm fetal kidney development and function, potentially causing long-term health issues. More research is needed to understand and manage these risks for pregnant individuals and their children.

Keywords:
Drug safetyKidney developmentPregnancyTeratogens

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Pediatrics
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • In utero drug exposure can impact fetal kidney development.
  • Exposure timing influences potential renal effects, affecting nephrogenesis or the renin-angiotensin system.

Observation:

  • Limited data exist to guide clinical decisions on drug use during pregnancy.
  • The study of drug-induced kidney damage in fetuses (nephroteratogenicity) lacks a systematic, global approach.

Findings:

  • Early pregnancy drug exposure may impair nephrogenesis (kidney formation).
  • Late pregnancy exposure can affect the fetal renin-angiotensin system, impacting renal function.
  • Reduced nephron number and function may lead to later-life adverse health consequences.

Implications:

  • There is a critical need for a standardized, large-scale, global effort to assess renal risks associated with prenatal drug exposure.
  • Improved understanding will aid healthcare providers in making informed decisions regarding medication use during pregnancy.