Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

42.8K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
42.8K
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

55
Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
55
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

11.9K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
11.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Fatal rabies in a child.

CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne·2026
Same author

Reply to Willoughby on the Demise of the Milwaukee Protocol for Rabies.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·2025
Same author

A Pictorial Human Case of "Furious Rabies".

Emerging infectious diseases·2025
Same author

Demise of the Milwaukee Protocol for Rabies.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·2025
Same author

Increased Prevalence of Bell's Palsy in First Nations Populations with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Manitoba.

The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques·2024
Same author

Reported Case Report of Recovery from Rabies Using Intrathecal Rabies Immune Globulin was Flawed - ADDENDUM.

The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Evaluation of a Universal Nested Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Lyssaviruses
08:10

Evaluation of a Universal Nested Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Lyssaviruses

Published on: May 2, 2019

7.8K

Antiviral therapy for human rabies.

Camila M Appolinario1, Alan C Jackson

  • 1Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.

Antiviral Therapy
|August 27, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Human rabies remains nearly fatal, with the Milwaukee Protocol proving ineffective. Novel therapeutic strategies, including improved antiviral and neuroprotective approaches, are crucial for future rabies treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology

Background:

  • Human rabies is a fatal viral infection with limited treatment options.
  • The Milwaukee Protocol has shown ineffectiveness in treating rabies.
  • Understanding rabies pathogenesis is key to developing new therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of human rabies treatment.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of existing and novel therapeutic strategies.
  • To identify promising avenues for future rabies management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of human rabies treatment studies.
  • Analysis of the effectiveness of various therapeutic agents.
  • Discussion of challenges in drug delivery to the central nervous system.

More Related Videos

Quantitation of Rabies Virus in Various Bovine Brain Structures
13:42

Quantitation of Rabies Virus in Various Bovine Brain Structures

Published on: May 22, 2021

3.3K
Author Spotlight: A Cost-Effective Genomic Workflow for Advancing Rabies Control in Resource-Limited Settings
10:26

Author Spotlight: A Cost-Effective Genomic Workflow for Advancing Rabies Control in Resource-Limited Settings

Published on: August 18, 2023

5.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Evaluation of a Universal Nested Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Lyssaviruses
08:10

Evaluation of a Universal Nested Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Lyssaviruses

Published on: May 2, 2019

7.8K
Quantitation of Rabies Virus in Various Bovine Brain Structures
13:42

Quantitation of Rabies Virus in Various Bovine Brain Structures

Published on: May 22, 2021

3.3K
Author Spotlight: A Cost-Effective Genomic Workflow for Advancing Rabies Control in Resource-Limited Settings
10:26

Author Spotlight: A Cost-Effective Genomic Workflow for Advancing Rabies Control in Resource-Limited Settings

Published on: August 18, 2023

5.9K

Main Results:

  • The Milwaukee Protocol is ineffective and should be abandoned.
  • Ribavirin, interferon-α, ketamine, and amantadine lack sufficient evidence for rabies therapy.
  • Minocycline and corticosteroids may worsen rabies.
  • New antivirals like favipiravir and RNA interference show promise.

Conclusions:

  • Effective combination therapy for human rabies requires novel approaches.
  • Antiviral, immunotherapy, and neuroprotective strategies are essential.
  • Overcoming blood-brain barrier challenges is critical for CNS-acting drugs.