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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

18
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
18
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

23
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
23
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

15
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
15
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

15
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
15
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

15
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
15
Goiter01:27

Goiter

24
Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
24

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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
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Thyroid abnormalities.

Anthony P Weetman1

  • 1Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|August 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can cause thyroid issues, including altered thyroid hormone levels and an increased risk of Graves disease post-treatment. Opportunistic infections may also lead to thyroiditis.

Keywords:
Graves diseaseImmune reconstitutionInfective thyroiditisInflammatory syndromeNon-thyroidal illnessThyroid function

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with various endocrine complications, particularly affecting thyroid function.
  • Nonthyroidal illness syndrome is common in patients with HIV and opportunistic infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the spectrum of thyroid abnormalities in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
  • To investigate the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on thyroid function and autoimmunity in HIV patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical and laboratory findings in HIV-infected patients with thyroid dysfunction.
  • Analysis of thyroid hormone levels (T3, free T3, free thyroxine) and assessment for autoimmune thyroid disease and opportunistic thyroid infections.

Main Results:

  • Early HIV infection is characterized by decreased reverse tri-iodothyronine (T3) with normal free T3 levels.
  • Some patients later develop isolated low free thyroxine levels.
  • Following HAART, immune reconstitution can trigger Graves disease in 1-2% of patients and opportunistic thyroid infections.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid function is frequently altered in HIV infection, presenting with distinct hormonal patterns.
  • Highly active antiretroviral therapy can lead to immune dysregulation, increasing the risk of Graves disease.
  • Opportunistic thyroid infections, though often asymptomatic, can manifest as thyroiditis.