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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
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Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:19

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A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations01:19

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, is a long-term condition marked by persistent and only partially reversible airflow limitation. It involves two overlapping conditions—chronic bronchitis and emphysema—which often co-appear but differ in dominant symptoms and underlying mechanisms.Chronic Bronchitis FeaturesChronic bronchitis presents with a persistent productive cough and thick, sometimes purulent mucus due to airway inflammation, enlarged mucus glands, and goblet...
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COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...
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Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Piglet
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Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

B E Schölzel1, R J Snijder, J J Mager

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Summary

Chronic pulmonary thromboembolic disease causes severe pulmonary hypertension and is fatal if untreated. Pulmonary endarterectomy offers a successful treatment, but careful patient selection is crucial due to comorbidities and disease extent.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pulmonology
  • Vascular Surgery

Background:

  • Chronic pulmonary thromboembolic disease (CPTE) is a significant cause of pulmonary hypertension (PH).
  • CPTE leads to substantial morbidity and mortality, closely linked to right ventricular dysfunction.
  • Untreated CPTE carries a poor prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnostic strategies for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
  • To outline current surgical and medical therapeutic options for CTEPH.
  • To emphasize the importance of expert candidate selection for pulmonary endarterectomy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic modalities for CTEPH.
  • Analysis of outcomes for pulmonary endarterectomy.
  • Evaluation of medical management strategies for CTEPH.

Main Results:

  • Pulmonary endarterectomy is the primary treatment for CTEPH, demonstrating high success rates.
  • Medical therapies and surgical advancements offer options for many patients.
  • A subset of patients is ineligible for surgery due to distal disease or comorbidities.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis and appropriate management are vital for improving CTEPH outcomes.
  • Pulmonary endarterectomy remains the treatment of choice for eligible patients.
  • Multidisciplinary expert centers are essential for optimal CTEPH patient management.