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Katy Carlson1

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|September 2, 2014
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Overt focus marking, like using "only", signals upcoming contrasts more effectively than the conjunction "but". This helps predict contrastive phrases, particularly noun phrases (NPs).

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Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Understanding how humans predict linguistic structures is crucial for language processing.
  • Contrastive focus plays a significant role in sentence comprehension and production.
  • The role of explicit focus markers in signaling contrast remains an area of active research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the predictive power of overt focus marking on contrastive phrases, especially noun phrases (NPs).
  • To compare sentence continuations following conjunctions with and without focus markers.
  • To explore the syntactic structures that facilitate contrast prediction.

Main Methods:

  • A written sentence-completion questionnaire was employed.
  • Participants completed clauses followed by the conjunction 'but'.
  • Clauses were presented with no focus marker, or with the focus marker 'only' on the subject or object.

Main Results:

  • Conditions with 'only' elicited more contrasts than the unmarked condition.
  • Focus-marked NPs were frequently part of the elicited contrasts.
  • Subject focus increased clausal completions, while object focus increased negative ellipsis ('not'+NP) completions.

Conclusions:

  • Overt focus marking reliably increases the likelihood of contrastive continuations.
  • The conjunction 'but' alone does not reliably predict explicit contrasts without focus marking.
  • The syntactic changes observed (clausal completions, negative ellipsis) facilitate contrast production, potentially explaining comprehension biases.