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ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

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In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
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ATP Synthase: Structure01:18

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ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...
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ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

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Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...
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ATP and Energy Production01:23

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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a critical molecule that functions as the main energy carrier in cells. Structurally, ATP consists of an adenosine molecule—comprising adenine and ribose—bonded to three phosphate groups. The high-energy bonds between these phosphate groups store significant amounts of potential energy. This energy is released during hydrolysis, wherein ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP), driving a variety of essential...
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Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids01:28

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Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
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ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

ATP Energy Storage and Release

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ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
One example of energy coupling using ATP involves a...
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Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization
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SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF NOVEL 2-THIO DERIVATIVES OF ATP.

J Zimmet1, L Järlebark1, T Hammarberg1

  • 1Unit of Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.

Nucleosides & Nucleotides
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Summary

New adenosine 5'-triphosphate analogues were synthesized and tested as P2y purinoceptor agonists. These compounds increased intracellular calcium in cells and resisted breakdown by ecto-ATPases, suggesting potential therapeutic stability.

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A Semi-High-Throughput Adaptation of the NADH-Coupled ATPase Assay for Screening Small Molecule Inhibitors
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Adenosine 5 -triphosphate (ATP) is a crucial signaling molecule.
  • P2y purinoceptors are important drug targets.
  • Understanding ATP analogue stability is key for drug development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel 2-alkylthio analogues of ATP.
  • To evaluate these analogues as agonists for P2y purinoceptors.
  • To assess the metabolic stability of these analogues against ecto-ATPases.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical synthesis of 2-alkylthio ATP analogues.
  • Measurement of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) levels in C6 glioma cells and myotubes.
  • Incubation with ecto-ATPases to determine dephosphorylation resistance.

Main Results:

  • Synthesis of various 2-alkylthio ATP analogues was successful.
  • ATP and its analogues induced transient increases in intracellular Ca2+ in tested cell types.
  • The majority of synthesized analogues demonstrated resistance to stepwise dephosphorylation by ecto-ATPases.

Conclusions:

  • 2-Alkylthio ATP analogues function as P2y purinoceptor agonists.
  • These analogues exhibit enhanced stability against ecto-ATPases.
  • The findings support the development of these analogues for therapeutic applications targeting P2y receptors.