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Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Updated: Apr 24, 2026

MPI CyberMotion Simulator: Implementation of a Novel Motion Simulator to Investigate Multisensory Path Integration in Three Dimensions
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Skeptical notes on a physics of passage.

Nick Huggett1

  • 1Department of Philosophy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|September 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This study examines time in physics, questioning if real numbers adequately represent it. It argues current mathematical frameworks resist incorporating a "dynamical passage" of time, challenging its inclusion in physics.

Area of Science:

  • Theoretical Physics
  • Mathematical Physics

Background:

  • Current physics theories represent time using real numbers.
  • The formal properties of real numbers are thus assumed to represent the properties of time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the adequacy of the real number representation of time in physics.
  • To explore the necessity and possibility of incorporating a "dynamical passage" of time into physical theories.

Main Methods:

  • Survey of existing mathematical representations of time.
  • Argumentation regarding the resistance of current frameworks to changes.
  • Rebuttal of common arguments for time's passage in physics.
  • Investigation of causal set theory as a potential framework for time's passage.
Keywords:
causal set theoryemergenceperceptionquantum gravitytime

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Main Results:

  • The existing mathematical framework for time in physics is resistant to incorporating a "dynamical passage" of time.
  • Arguments for including time's passage in physics, particularly those based on experience, are rebutted.
  • Causal set theory is examined for its potential to provide a physics of passage.

Conclusions:

  • The current mathematical representation of time may need to be rejected for theories incorporating a "dynamical passage" of time.
  • The inclusion of time's passage in physics faces significant theoretical hurdles.
  • Causal set theory's viability as a framework for a physics of passage requires further investigation.