Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 8, 2026
11:19
Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation
Published on: January 17, 2011
[Infantile apnea. The etiopathogenic aspects. I]
Revista De Pediatrie, Obstetrica Si Ginecologie. Pediatria
|October 1, 1989
Summary
This review explores the causes of apnea, including central, obstructive, and mixed types. It examines various contributing factors like gastroesophageal reflux and lifestyle choices.
Area of Science:
- Respiratory Physiology
- Pathophysiology
Context:
- Apnea represents a significant health concern with complex underlying mechanisms.
- Understanding breathing control is crucial for diagnosing and managing respiratory disorders.
Purpose:
- To provide a comprehensive overview of the etiopathogenesis of apnea based on existing literature.
- To elucidate the physiological and physiopathological basis of breathing control relevant to apnea.
Summary:
- The paper details the physiological framework of breathing control and discusses various types of apnea: central, obstructive, and mixed.
- It explores apnea and periodic breathing in the context of specific diseases, procedures, and idiopathic cases.
- Key contributing factors examined include gastroesophageal reflux, endorphins, catecholamines, hypoxic thresholds, tobacco, and coffee consumption.
Impact:
- This review offers a foundational understanding of apnea's origins for researchers and clinicians.
- It highlights the multifactorial nature of apnea, encouraging a holistic approach to its study and treatment.
Related Concept Videos
01:26Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I
Assessing the respiratory rate and rhythm for a complete minute is crucial for evaluating the breathing pattern. Even a minor increase in the patient's average respiratory rate, by as little as three to five breaths per minute, is an early and vital indicator of respiratory distress. Patients with a respiratory rate exceeding twenty-four breaths per minute require close monitoring to determine the physiological alterations. This careful observation is essential for prompt recognition and...
01:30Alterations in Respiration II
There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...
01:17Other Pulmonary Disorders
Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
01:30Tonsillitis I: Introduction
Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
01:21Sleep Apnea
Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
The condition is more prevalent among...
01:10Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology
Atelectasis develops when alveoli lose their air and collapse inward. Because lung tissue is naturally elastic, these air sacs shrink rather than remaining open. Collapsed alveoli are no longer ventilated, reducing their role in gas exchange. Blood flow may continue in these regions, creating a ventilation–perfusion mismatch. Clinical findings include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, reduced chest expansion, and decreased tactile fremitus as sound transmission through collapsed...