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Anger in health, benign breast disease and breast cancer: a prospective case-control study
Antonio Bruno1, Gianluca Pandolfo2, Giuseppe Scimeca2
1Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, G. Martino Polyclinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy antonio.bruno@unime.it.
Background:
The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2) is a psychometric instrument measuring anger experience and expression. Associations between the STAXI-2 and risk of breast cancer (BC) are rarely considered together in a prospective study.
Patients And Methods:
A total of 117 women with breast symptoms referred for breast examination were selected and assessed before any diagnostic procedures.
Results:
Twenty-four patients with BC, 44 with benign breast disease (BBD) and 49 healthy individuals (HHS) were included. Scores for parameters state anger/feel like expressing anger physically (SANGP) were significantly higher in the HHS group (HHS vs. BBD: p=0.027; HHS vs. BC: p=0.025). BC patients showed a trend to lower scores in almost all scales of STAXI-2, except for the scales trait anger/angry temperament (TANGT), anger expression-in (AX-I), and anger control-out (AC-O), that were higher than the two other groups' scores.
Conclusion:
The results of this study do not support a specific link between STAXI-2 and breast cancer risk.
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