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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

12
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

14
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
14
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

6.8K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
6.8K
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

11
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
11
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

14
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
14

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Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

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[Bilateral thyroid carcinoma: a case report].

Chonghui Wang, Rongrong Wang, Cuihong Ding

    Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi = Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
    |September 9, 2014
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A 48-year-old woman with bilateral thyroid nodules was diagnosed with concurrent medullary and papillary thyroid cancers. Surgical resection and lymph node dissection were successful, with no recurrence after three months.

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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Oncology
    • Surgical Pathology

    Background:

    • Bilateral thyroid nodules can present diagnostic challenges, necessitating thorough preoperative evaluation.
    • Cervical nodular goiter is a common presentation requiring differentiation between benign and malignant conditions.

    Observation:

    • A 48-year-old female presented with cervical nodular goiter, evaluated by preoperative ultrasonography for multifocal thyroid nodules.
    • The patient underwent bilateral thyroid lobe total resection and bilateral IV lymph node dissection.

    Findings:

    • Intraoperative frozen pathology revealed medullary thyroid cancer in the right lobe and papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in the left lobe.
    • Postoperative follow-up at 3 months showed no evidence of tumor recurrence or metastasis.

    Implications:

    • This case highlights the importance of evaluating multifocal nodules in bilateral thyroid disease.
    • Simultaneous occurrence of distinct thyroid cancer types (medullary and papillary) necessitates tailored surgical and oncological management.
    • Effective surgical intervention and lymph node management can lead to favorable outcomes in bilateral thyroid carcinoma.