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Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age
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Reasoning and dyslexia: is visual memory a compensatory resource?

Alison M Bacon1, Simon J Handley

  • 1Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK.

Dyslexia (Chichester, England)
|September 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Individuals with dyslexia utilize visual strategies for reasoning, unlike non-dyslexics who use verbal methods. This visual approach is less effective when working memory is overloaded, impacting problem-solving abilities.

Keywords:
Visual Patterns Testdyslexiareasoningvisual memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Effective reasoning is crucial for academic and professional success.
  • Previous studies suggest dyslexia involves visual reasoning strategies, contrasting with non-dyslexic verbal strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the reasoning strategies used by individuals with dyslexia.
  • To explore the role of visual memory and working memory in dyslexia and reasoning.

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1: Compared reasoning accuracy and visual memory ability in dyslexic and non-dyslexic participants.
  • Experiment 2: Introduced a secondary visual memory task during concurrent reasoning to assess working memory load.

Main Results:

  • Reasoning accuracy was similar between groups, but visual memory predicted accuracy only for dyslexics.
  • Dyslexics showed reduced reasoning accuracy and visual recall under high visual memory load, indicating resource competition.

Conclusions:

  • Results support the hypothesis that dyslexia involves compensatory visual reasoning strategies due to verbal working memory limitations.
  • Findings have implications for educational and employment settings that may not support visual thinking.