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Updated: Apr 24, 2026

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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Understanding Na₂Ti₃O₇ as an ultra-low voltage anode material for a Na-ion battery
Jing Xu1, Chuze Ma, Mahalingam Balasubramanian
1Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. shirleymeng@ucsd.edu.
Abstract:
An in-depth understanding of Na2Ti3O7 as a Na-ion battery anode is reported. The battery performance is enhanced by carbon coating, due to increased electronic conductivity and reduced solid electrolyte interphase formation. Ti(4+) reduction upon discharge is demonstrated using in situ XAS. The self-relaxation behaviour of the fully intercalated phase is revealed.

