Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Overview of the Skull

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...

Muscles for Facial Expressions

Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...

Sutures of the Skull

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Microbial signals in primary and metastatic brain tumors.

Nature medicine·2025

Same author

Correlation of body mass index and alveolar bone dimensions in the maxilla using cone-beam computed tomography.

BMC oral health·2025

Same author

Mathematical Modeling and Association Analysis Decipher the Impact of the Gut Microbiome on Cancer Immunotherapy.

Cancer research·2025

Same author

The bacterial microbiome modulates the initiation of brain metastasis by impacting the gut-to-brain axis.

iScience·2025

Same author

Dissecting the Impact of the Gut Microbiome on Cancer Immunotherapy.

Research square·2023

Same author

Publisher Correction: Targeting PD-L2-RGMb overcomes microbiome-related immunotherapy resistance.

Nature·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Published on: November 4, 2025

Craniofacial morphologic parameters in a Persian population: an anthropometric study.

Fariborz Amini¹, Ziba Mashayekhi, Hajir Rahimi

¹From the*Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; and †Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

|September 10, 2014

Summary

This study establishes craniofacial anthropometric reference ranges for adult Iranians, revealing distinct facial proportions compared to North American whites, crucial for aesthetic procedures.

More Related Videos

Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus

Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus

Published on: November 6, 2014

Analysis of Craniomaxillofacial Malformations in Mice Using Three-dimensional Microcomputed Tomography

Analysis of Craniomaxillofacial Malformations in Mice Using Three-dimensional Microcomputed Tomography

Published on: January 17, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Published on: November 4, 2025

Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus

Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus

Published on: November 6, 2014

Analysis of Craniomaxillofacial Malformations in Mice Using Three-dimensional Microcomputed Tomography

Analysis of Craniomaxillofacial Malformations in Mice Using Three-dimensional Microcomputed Tomography

Published on: January 17, 2025

Area of Science:

Anthropology
Craniofacial anatomy
Medical aesthetics

Background:

Limited reference data exists for Persian craniofacial measurements.
Understanding population-specific facial proportions is vital for accurate aesthetic interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish craniofacial anthropometric reference ranges for an adult Iranian population.
To compare Iranian facial measurements with North American white norms.

Main Methods:

Measured 34 linear and 7 angular craniofacial parameters in 100 adult Iranians (18-30 years).
Calculated 24 facial indices and analyzed differences between sexes.
Compared Iranian data with North American white standards.

Main Results:

Iranian men generally exhibited larger head measurements than women, except for head index and height.
Subjects presented with leptoprosopic (long and narrow) faces and leptorrhine (narrow) noses.
Significant differences were observed in head/face dimensions and chin heights when compared to North American whites.

Conclusions:

Established reference ranges for Iranian craniofacial anthropometry.
Highlighted significant ethnic variations in facial proportions.
Data provides a valuable baseline for aesthetic treatments in the Iranian population.