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Related Concept Videos

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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The Retina01:32

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The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Novel Photoacoustic Microscopy and Optical Coherence Tomography Dual-modality Chorioretinal Imaging in Living Rabbit Eyes
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Birdshot chorioretinopathy.

Emily H Shao1, Victor Menezo, Simon R J Taylor

  • 1aFaculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London bRoyal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, UK cInstitut Catala de Retina, Barcelona dDepartment of Ophthalmology, Provincial Hospital Consortium Castellon, Castello, Spain.

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
|September 12, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Birdshot chorioretinopathy research is advancing, with new insights into T-cell driven pathogenesis and expanded treatment options including biological agents. Early detection through advanced imaging aids in timely, targeted therapies for better patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Birdshot chorioretinopathy pathogenesis is not fully understood.
  • Central visual acuity is often preserved until late stages.
  • Visual field and peripheral retinal function loss are common.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding birdshot chorioretinopathy.
  • To discuss expanded treatment and monitoring options.
  • To highlight new insights into disease mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent laboratory and clinical research.
  • Examination of the Interleukin-17 (IL-17) pathway.
  • Application of advanced imaging techniques like optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Main Results:

  • The IL-17 pathway offers refined insights into T-cell driven pathogenesis.
  • Extended depth imaging with OCT aids in early disease detection.
  • Biological agents represent expanded treatment options, particularly for refractory cases.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding of birdshot chorioretinopathy remains incomplete despite a clear HLA association.
  • Clinical research focuses on improved patient phenotyping for early, aggressive, and targeted therapies.
  • The ultimate success of individually targeted therapies with newer biological agents is yet to be determined.