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Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
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Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid.
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A charge distribution has cylindrical symmetry if the charge density depends only upon the distance from the axis of the cylinder and does not vary along the axis or with the direction about the axis. In other words, if a system varies if it is rotated around the axis or shifted along the axis, it does not have cylindrical symmetry. In real systems, we do not have infinite cylinders; however, if the cylindrical object is considerably longer than the radius from it that we are interested in,...
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Chiral mass-gap in curved space.

Antonino Flachi1, Kenji Fukushima2

  • 1Centro Multidisciplinar de Astrofísica, Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.

Physical Review Letters
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A novel Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) phenomenon in curved space, the chiral gap effect, maintains a mass-gap even when chiral symmetry breaks. This suggests black holes may be surrounded by a first-order QCD phase transition.

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Area of Science:

  • Theoretical Physics
  • Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)
  • General Relativity

Background:

  • The QCD vacuum exhibits a mass-gap for Dirac fermions due to spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking.
  • Curved spacetime can significantly alter fundamental physics phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate novel QCD phenomena induced by large positive spacetime curvature.
  • To explore the behavior of chiral symmetry and mass-gaps in such environments.
  • To connect these effects to the physics of black holes.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of QCD in curved spacetime.
  • Investigation of chiral symmetry breaking and condensate behavior under curvature.
  • Examination of the implications for quark deconfinement and phase transitions.

Main Results:

  • A 'chiral gap effect' is identified, where a chiral invariant mass-gap persists despite the melting of the chiral condensate in large positive curvature.
  • Quark deconfinement is shown to decouple from chiral symmetry breaking under these conditions.
  • This decoupling suggests a first-order QCD phase transition surrounding black holes.

Conclusions:

  • Curved spacetime can induce unique QCD states distinct from those in flat spacetime.
  • The chiral gap effect offers a new perspective on the interplay between gravity and strong nuclear forces.
  • This phenomenon provides a theoretical framework for understanding QCD phase transitions in extreme gravitational environments like those near black holes.