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Mouse models of human evolution.

Wolfgang Enard1

  • 1Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Martinsried, Germany.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
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PubMed
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Studying human evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genetics
  • Comparative genomics

Background:

  • Understanding the genotype-phenotype map of human evolution is challenging due to the inability to perform experimental crosses in humans.
  • Most genetic changes since the human-chimpanzee split are fixed, correlating with phenotypic changes but hindering mechanistic studies.
  • Functional genetic assays are crucial for testing hypotheses but face limitations in validity and practicality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of model organisms, specifically mice, for functional genetic studies of human evolution.
  • To investigate how experimental systems can overcome limitations in studying genotype-phenotype relationships in human evolution.
  • To assess the feasibility of using mouse models to understand the genetic basis of human evolutionary changes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing mouse models to study aspects of human evolution, including regulatory elements, synapse density, brain size, and speech.
  • Employing functional assays in mice to test genotype-phenotype hypotheses derived from comparative genomics.
  • Developing and using mouse models for recent, polymorphic human genetic changes.

Main Results:

  • Mouse models have provided initial insights into the evolution of regulatory elements, synapse densities, brain size, and speech.
  • Studies demonstrate the potential for functional genetic analysis of human evolutionary changes in mice.
  • The use of mouse models allows for the investigation of specific genetic changes and their phenotypic consequences.

Conclusions:

  • Mice offer a viable experimental system for functionally studying aspects of human evolution.
  • Functional genetic assays in mice can help elucidate the mechanisms underlying human evolutionary changes.
  • Despite challenges, there is cautious optimism for advancing our understanding of human evolution through mouse models.