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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists01:27

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists

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5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as dolasetron, granisetron (Kytril), ondansetron (Zofran), and palonosetron (Axoli), are crucial in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea. These drugs selectively block 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral vagal and spinal afferent nerves, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the vomiting center. They have a rapid onset of action and can be given as a single dose before chemotherapy. Ondansetron and granisetron, in particular,...
914
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

2.0K
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

354
Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
354
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
1.0K
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

1.1K
Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
Phenothiazines, such as prochlorperazine...
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Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions01:27

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions

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Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers prevent the membrane depolarization of muscle cells and inhibit muscle contraction. These are usually administered with anesthetics to achieve complete muscle relaxation. Upon administration, these drugs first block the small, rapidly contracting muscles of the face and hands, followed by the larger muscles of the trunk and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the last muscle to be affected.
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...
1.3K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Deep Neuromuscular Blockade Leads to a Larger Intraabdominal Volume During Laparoscopy
08:50

Deep Neuromuscular Blockade Leads to a Larger Intraabdominal Volume During Laparoscopy

Published on: June 25, 2013

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Ondansetron attenuates the decrease in blood pressure due to spinal anesthesia in the elderly: a double blind,

R Owczuk1, W Wenski, P Twardowski

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland - r.owczuk@gumed.edu.pl.

Minerva Anestesiologica
|September 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Intravenous ondansetron attenuated hypotension in elderly patients undergoing spinal anesthesia. This medication helped maintain diastolic and mean arterial pressure, reducing bradycardia risks.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Deep Neuromuscular Blockade Leads to a Larger Intraabdominal Volume During Laparoscopy
08:50

Deep Neuromuscular Blockade Leads to a Larger Intraabdominal Volume During Laparoscopy

Published on: June 25, 2013

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Geriatric Medicine

Background:

  • Ondansetron effectively prevents spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in general and cesarean section populations.
  • Elderly patients may be more susceptible to hypotension and bradycardia following spinal anesthesia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate if intravenous ondansetron administration mitigates hypotension and bradycardia in elderly patients receiving spinal anesthesia.
  • To test the hypothesis that blocking serotonin type 3 receptors with ondansetron is beneficial in this demographic.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized, placebo-controlled study involving 53 elderly patients.
  • Patients received either 8 mg intravenous ondansetron or a saline placebo before spinal anesthesia.
  • Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were monitored for 20 minutes post-anesthesia.

Main Results:

  • Both groups experienced decreases in heart rate and mean arterial pressure.
  • The ondansetron group showed significantly higher minimum diastolic and mean blood pressure values.
  • No significant differences in systolic blood pressure or heart rate were observed between groups.

Conclusions:

  • Intravenous ondansetron attenuates the decrease in diastolic and mean arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia in geriatric patients.
  • Ondansetron does not significantly impact systolic blood pressure or heart rate in this context.
  • The findings suggest ondansetron is a potential therapeutic option for managing spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in the elderly.