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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Thyroid dysfunction in Indian children with Down syndrome.

Devi Dayal1, Puneet Jain, Inusha Panigrahi

  • 1Departments of Pediatrics, #Nuclear Medicine and $Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. drdevidayal@gmail.com.

Indian Pediatrics
|September 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study on children with Down syndrome (DS) found most had subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid imaging revealed normal gland size in most cases, with some showing impaired tracer uptake.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Genetics
  • Thyroid Disorders

Background:

  • Down syndrome (DS) is associated with an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction.
  • This study reviewed thyroid function in children with DS over a 10-year period.

Discussion:

  • Subclinical hypothyroidism was the most prevalent thyroid dysfunction in children with DS.
  • Radionuclide scans indicated normal thyroid gland morphology in the majority of cases.
  • Ultrasonography revealed reduced thyroid gland size in a small percentage of patients.

Key Insights:

  • High prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in pediatric Down syndrome population.
  • Thyroid gland structure is often normal despite functional abnormalities.
  • Impaired tracer uptake on radionuclide scans suggests functional rather than structural thyroid issues.

Outlook:

  • Further research into the specific mechanisms causing thyroid dysfunction in DS.
  • Longitudinal studies to monitor the progression of thyroid abnormalities in children with DS.
  • Development of targeted screening and management strategies for thyroid health in DS.