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Developing a framework for ankle function: a delphi study.

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Summary

Experts established definitions for a healthy ankle and functional ankle instability (FAI), but not chronic ankle instability (CAI). This study aimed to standardize ankle injury terminology and assessment for better clinical outcomes.

Keywords:
ankle instabilityankle sprainsoutcomes

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Rehabilitation Science

Background:

  • Clinical outcomes after ankle injuries lack consensus on appropriate assessment.
  • Repetitive lateral ankle sprains lead to functional ankle instability (FAI) or chronic ankle instability (CAI).
  • FAI and CAI are inconsistently defined and assessed in practice and research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish consensus definitions for a healthy/normal/noninjured ankle, FAI, and CAI.
  • To define the characteristics and assessment techniques for these ankle conditions.

Main Methods:

  • A Delphi study involving 16 experts in ankle function, treatment, and research.
  • Data collection via telephone interviews and electronic surveys.
  • Consensus defined as 80% agreement among experts.

Main Results:

  • Consensus was reached on definitions for a healthy/normal/noninjured ankle and FAI.
  • Experts agreed on 11 characteristics for a healthy ankle, 32 for an unhealthy ankle, and 13 for FAI.
  • No consensus was achieved on a definition or characteristics for CAI.

Conclusions:

  • Definitions and characteristics for a healthy ankle and FAI were established, though FAI definition had limited agreed-upon characteristics.
  • Experts could not agree on a definition or characteristics for CAI.
  • Findings represent progress toward standardizing terminology and assessment for ankle instability.