Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory01:23

Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory

2.8K
Neurotransmitters are integral to the brain's communication system, enabling neurons to transmit signals across synapses. This chemical exchange underpins various cognitive functions, including memory processes. The role of neurotransmitters in memory is multifaceted, influencing the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories through their action on different neural circuits.
 Glutamate and Synaptic Plasticity
Glutamate, the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter, is...
2.8K
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

2.6K
Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over...
2.6K
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

27.2K
Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
27.2K
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

2.2K
Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
2.2K
Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

605
Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
605
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

2.7K
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when...
2.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Top-down selection of visual working memory contents is supported by alpha-band phase-synchronized oscillatory networks.

Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)·2025
Same author

Behavioral Opportunism and Altered Dopamine Dynamics in Mice Exposed to Early Life Adversity.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

A common serial structure causes offline excitability changes linked to generalization between different memory types.

Current biology : CB·2025
Same author

Going offline to enhance memory during sleep.

Nature reviews. Neuroscience·2025
Same author

Slow-wave sleep as a key player in offline memory processing: insights from human EEG studies.

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience·2025
Same author

Nociceptin Orphanin F/Q Pathways are Dysregulated by Stress and Modulate Reward Learning and Motivation Across Species.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same journal

Misinformation as strategy: Epistemic consequences and the undermining of shared truth.

Trends in cognitive sciences·2026
Same journal

Geographical psychology: Spatial variation in psychological phenomena and their consequences.

Trends in cognitive sciences·2026
Same journal

Multi-brain neurofeedback: what are we training for?

Trends in cognitive sciences·2026
Same journal

The developing vocal self.

Trends in cognitive sciences·2026
Same journal

Searching beyond decrements: Attentional guidance across the adult lifespan.

Trends in cognitive sciences·2026
Same journal

Looking into working memory through micro eye movements.

Trends in cognitive sciences·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Measuring Neural Mechanisms Underlying Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation During Naps in Early Childhood
08:20

Measuring Neural Mechanisms Underlying Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation During Naps in Early Childhood

Published on: October 2, 2019

10.8K

Flipping the switch: mechanisms that regulate memory consolidation.

Jocelyn Breton1, Edwin M Robertson1

  • 1Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Kirstein Building KS-158, Boston, MA 02215, USA.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|September 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain bottlenecks limit memory consolidation during wakefulness. Inhibitory mechanisms switch these bottlenecks off, but transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can override this, enabling simultaneous memory consolidation.

More Related Videos

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers
08:05

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers

Published on: January 5, 2018

9.8K
Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory
08:08

Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory

Published on: June 18, 2014

28.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Measuring Neural Mechanisms Underlying Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation During Naps in Early Childhood
08:20

Measuring Neural Mechanisms Underlying Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation During Naps in Early Childhood

Published on: October 2, 2019

10.8K
A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers
08:05

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers

Published on: January 5, 2018

9.8K
Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory
08:08

Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory

Published on: June 18, 2014

28.2K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Memory consolidation can occur during wakefulness or sleep.
  • Inhibitory mechanisms create a brain bottleneck, restricting memory processing during wakefulness.
  • This bottleneck may prioritize the consolidation of relevant or rewarded memories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of brain bottlenecks in regulating memory consolidation.
  • To explore how transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) affects memory consolidation processes.
  • To understand the 'on' or 'off' state of inhibitory switches in memory selection.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to interfere with brain processing.
  • Analyzing the impact of TMS on the selective consolidation of memories during wakefulness.
  • Investigating the neural mechanisms underlying memory bottleneck regulation.

Main Results:

  • TMS can bypass the brain's inhibitory bottleneck, allowing simultaneous memory consolidation.
  • The brain actively imposes a bottleneck that restricts memory processing during wakefulness.
  • The state of inhibitory switches determines which memories are consolidated.

Conclusions:

  • Memory consolidation is actively regulated by brain bottlenecks and inhibitory mechanisms.
  • Interfering with these bottlenecks, for example with TMS, can alter memory consolidation.
  • Understanding memory regulation may lead to new therapeutic approaches for memory disorders.