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Related Concept Videos

Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

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Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...
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Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

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Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
24
Seizures ll: Types01:19

Seizures ll: Types

23
Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...
23
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Epileptogenesis and companion animals.

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Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
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Status epilepticus and cluster seizures.

Edward Ned E Patterson1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
|September 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Status epilepticus (SE) is a critical emergency in pets, often treated with sedatives. Newer treatments like intravenous levetiracetam show promise for companion animals, offering potential advancements in SE management.

Keywords:
DiazepamDogEpilepsyLevetiracetamPhenobarbitalSeizures

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Neurology
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Status epilepticus (SE) presents a significant health risk in companion animals, leading to severe illness and death.
  • Current SE treatments in pets and humans primarily involve sedatives and anesthetics targeting gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging therapeutic strategies for managing status epilepticus in companion animals.
  • To explore the potential of human intravenous drug preparations for veterinary SE treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing treatment protocols for status epilepticus in companion animals and humans.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms of action for common and novel SE therapies.

Main Results:

  • Standard treatment involves staged protocols, starting with benzodiazepines, followed by other agents if necessary.
  • Intravenous levetiracetam is increasingly utilized for SE in dogs and humans.
  • Several human intravenous medications may offer future therapeutic options for veterinary SE.

Conclusions:

  • Aggressive, staged treatment is crucial for managing companion animal status epilepticus.
  • Levetiracetam represents a valuable addition to the veterinary therapeutic arsenal for SE.
  • Further research into human IV drugs could expand treatment options for SE in companion animals.