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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

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Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic, systemic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that predominantly affects the gastrointestinal tract. It is marked by...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

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Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Introduction01:26

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Introduction

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Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of chronic disorders marked by recurrent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract due to an abnormal immune response against gut microflora. This leads to tissue damage. The two main forms are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.Crohn’s DiseaseCrohn’s disease is a relapsing inflammatory disorder that can affect any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus. It involves all layers of the bowel wall (transmural) and shows...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations01:20

Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses two major chronic disorders—ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease—each characterized by relapsing episodes of gastrointestinal inflammation. Although they share certain clinical features, their patterns of involvement and manifestations differ in ways that aid diagnosis and guide management.Ulcerative ColitisUlcerative colitis is limited to the colon and rectum and involves continuous inflammation of the mucosal layer. The...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
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Related Experiment Video

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Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
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Extraintestinal Clostridium difficile infections: a single-center experience.

Arjun Gupta1, Robin Patel2, Larry M Baddour1

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.

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Extraintestinal Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is rare but serious, often occurring after GI surgery. Management requires antibiotics and surgery, with a high mortality rate of 25%.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Extraintestinal Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is an uncommon but severe clinical entity.
  • Understanding its epidemiology, management, and outcomes is crucial for patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the clinical burden of extraintestinal CDI.
  • To characterize the management strategies and patient outcomes for these rare infections.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of medical records from January 2004 to December 2013.
  • Identification of patients with C. difficile isolated from extraintestinal sites.
  • Abstraction of demographic, microbiological, clinical, management, and outcome data.

Main Results:

  • 40 patients with extraintestinal CDI identified, most commonly abdominopelvic (n=25) and bloodstream (n=11) infections.
  • Commonly associated with GI surgery (88%), antibiotic exposure (88%), and malignancy (50%).
  • High infection-associated mortality rate of 25%, with a median time to death of 16 days post-isolation.

Conclusions:

  • Extraintestinal CDI is uncommon, frequently linked to GI surgery and known CDI risk factors.
  • Effective management involves combined antimicrobial and surgical therapies.
  • Extraintestinal CDI is associated with poor outcomes and significant mortality.