Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

3.8K
The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair...
3.8K
Oogenesis01:22

Oogenesis

4.8K
Oogenesis,  the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of pre-granulosa cells, forming what is...
4.8K
Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

57.9K
In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
57.9K
Folliculogenesis01:20

Folliculogenesis

3.7K
Folliculogenesis is the development of ovarian follicles, the specialized structures within the ovarian cortex where oogenesis, or egg development, occurs. This process is essential for female reproductive health and begins during fetal development when primordial follicles are formed. Each primordial follicle comprises a primary oocyte in the center, surrounded by a single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells. These follicles remain dormant in late prophase I of meiosis until triggered by...
3.7K
Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus01:15

Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus

5.4K
Development of the reproductive organs in an embryo starts from a bipotential state. This means the early embryo can develop either male or female reproductive organs. The formation of these organs begins with the growth of gonadal ridges that arise from the intermediate mesoderm during the fifth week of development.
Near the gonadal ridges, two duct systems are present: the mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts) and paramesonephric ducts (Müllerian ducts). These ducts form the basis for the...
5.4K
Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

5.3K
The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
5.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Vascular Ageing in Conditions Associated With Early Onset Hypogonadism.

Journal of vascular research·2026
Same author

Gender-affirming hormone therapy and cardiovascular prevention: adding another piece to an incomplete puzzle.

European journal of preventive cardiology·2026
Same author

A novel candidate missense variant in the catalytic domain of USP26 associated with asthenoteratozoospermia.

Gene·2025
Same author

Primary ovarian insufficiency due to homozygous variants in the homeobox transcription factor NOBOX.

Molecular biology reports·2025
Same author

EndoCompass Project: Research Roadmap for Reproductive and Developmental Endocrinology.

Hormone research in paediatrics·2025
Same author

Bilateral Testicular Regression Syndrome and Optic Nerve Atrophy: Clinical Aspects of a Child with a <italic>SEMA3E</italic> Loss-of-Function Variant.

Sexual development : genetics, molecular biology, evolution, endocrinology, embryology, and pathology of sex determination and differentiation·2025
Same journal

Transition in Pediatric and Adolescent Hypogonadal Girls: Gynecological Aspects, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, and Contraception.

Endocrine development·2018
Same journal

Transition of Care from Childhood to Adulthood: Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism.

Endocrine development·2018
Same journal

Management of Hypothalamic Obesity during Transition from Childhood to Adulthood.

Endocrine development·2018
Same journal

Fertility Preservation in Endocrine Disorders during Transition for Girls.

Endocrine development·2018
Same journal

Transition of Care from Childhood to Adulthood: Turner Syndrome.

Endocrine development·2018
Same journal

Transitions in Care from Pediatric to Adult Health Care Providers: Ongoing Challenges and Opportunities for Young Persons with Diabetes.

Endocrine development·2018
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Whole Ovary Immunofluorescence, Clearing, and Multiphoton Microscopy for Quantitative 3D Analysis of the Developing Ovarian Reserve in Mouse
12:36

Whole Ovary Immunofluorescence, Clearing, and Multiphoton Microscopy for Quantitative 3D Analysis of the Developing Ovarian Reserve in Mouse

Published on: September 3, 2021

4.6K

Gonadal development.

Angela K Lucas-Herald1, Anu Bashamboo

  • 1Department of Child Health, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK.

Endocrine Development
|September 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammalian sex determination is a complex process involving gene regulation, primarily initiated by the SRY gene. Imbalances in these pathways can lead to disorders of sex development (DSD).

More Related Videos

Production and Use of Customizable Agarose Molds for Scaffold-Free Mouse Ovarian Follicle Culture
09:50

Production and Use of Customizable Agarose Molds for Scaffold-Free Mouse Ovarian Follicle Culture

Published on: October 24, 2025

907
Dissection and Live-Imaging of the Late Embryonic Drosophila Gonad
09:08

Dissection and Live-Imaging of the Late Embryonic Drosophila Gonad

Published on: October 17, 2020

2.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Whole Ovary Immunofluorescence, Clearing, and Multiphoton Microscopy for Quantitative 3D Analysis of the Developing Ovarian Reserve in Mouse
12:36

Whole Ovary Immunofluorescence, Clearing, and Multiphoton Microscopy for Quantitative 3D Analysis of the Developing Ovarian Reserve in Mouse

Published on: September 3, 2021

4.6K
Production and Use of Customizable Agarose Molds for Scaffold-Free Mouse Ovarian Follicle Culture
09:50

Production and Use of Customizable Agarose Molds for Scaffold-Free Mouse Ovarian Follicle Culture

Published on: October 24, 2025

907
Dissection and Live-Imaging of the Late Embryonic Drosophila Gonad
09:08

Dissection and Live-Imaging of the Late Embryonic Drosophila Gonad

Published on: October 17, 2020

2.6K

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Embryonic gonad development progresses sequentially towards male or female fate.
  • The SRY gene on the Y chromosome initiates male gonad formation by upregulating SOX9, triggering male genitalia development and repressing female development.
  • This sex determination is maintained by a double-repressive pathway, crucial for proper gonad differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review genes involved in mammalian gonad formation.
  • To highlight the complexity of molecular mechanisms in mammalian sex determination.
  • To explore the potential of 'omics' technologies in identifying new genetic factors for human sex determination and developing cellular models for disorders of sex development (DSD).

Main Methods:

  • Genetic analysis of individuals with DSD.
  • Study of sex-reversed mice models.
  • Review of existing literature on mammalian sex determination genes.

Main Results:

  • Identification of numerous sexually dimorphic genes involved in mammalian gonad formation.
  • Understanding that the primary sex-determining decision is not final and is maintained by antagonistic pathways.
  • Recognition that imbalances in these pathways cause DSD.

Conclusions:

  • Despite advances, the molecular mechanisms of mammalian sex determination remain largely unknown.
  • Novel 'omics' technologies offer promise for discovering new human sex determination factors and creating ex vivo cellular models for DSD research.