Intraclass differences among antihypertensive drugs

The four major classes of antihypertensive drugs—diuretics, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers)—have significant qualitative and quantitative differences in the adverse effects they cause. Structural and chemical differences have been identified within these classes, especially among the calcium channel blockers and, to a lesser extent, among the thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics. However, it has been more difficult to demonstrate that these differences translate into differential effects with respect to either the surrogate endpoint of blood pressure reduction or, more importantly, hypertension-related cardiovascular complications. Based on a hierarchy-of-evidence approach, differences are apparent between hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone based on evidence of moderate quality. Low-quality evidence suggests atenolol is less effective than other β-blockers. However, no significant intraclass differences have been established among the other classes of antihypertensive drugs.