Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

4.7K
In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
4.7K
Pulmonary Function Tests01:25

Pulmonary Function Tests

1.1K
Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
Pulmonary Function Tests are crucial diagnostic tools for assessing respiratory function, particularly in patients with chronic respiratory disorders. They comprehensively evaluate lung volumes, ventilatory function, breathing mechanics, diffusion, and gas exchange. These tests help diagnose pulmonary diseases and play a significant role in monitoring disease progression, evaluating disability, and assessing response to therapy.
PFTs involve using a spirometer, a...
1.1K
Lung Capacity01:47

Lung Capacity

44.0K
The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
44.0K
Respiratory Capacities01:24

Respiratory Capacities

1.3K
Respiratory capacities are crucial indicators of lung function, representing the maximum amount of air an individual's respiratory system can handle during various breathing phases.
One key metric is the Inspiratory Capacity (IC), which represents the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled with full effort. IC is calculated by summing the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume, typically ranging from 2.4 to 3.6 liters.
The Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) represents the air in the...
1.3K
Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation01:25

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

4.0K
Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...
4.0K
Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation01:19

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

3.1K
Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
Alveolar Surface Tension
The alveolar fluid lines the luminal surface of the alveoli and exerts a force called surface tension. This force is caused by the polar water molecules in the liquid being more strongly attracted to each...
3.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Resting-state functional connectivity and cognitive impairment after COVID-19 infection: Evidence from a large-scale fMRI study.

European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists·2026
Same author

ATP1A3-related syndromes: our case-series unveiling a dynamic, fever-triggered and overlapping array of neurological phenotypes.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same author

The hypoxia-inflammation cycle as a key mechanism of smoldering inflammation and progression in multiple sclerosis.

Acta neuropathologica·2026
Same author

Management strategies, complication rate and outcome following treatment of para-aural abscessation as a complication of total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy surgery.

Australian veterinary journal·2026
Same author

Lipegfilgrastim for primary prophylaxis of febrile neutropenia in patients treated for advanced-stage classical hodgkin lymphoma: successful outcomes from a multicenter cohort study.

Annals of hematology·2026
Same author

Towards the Correction of Covariate Shift in EEG-Based Passive Brain-Computer Interfaces for Out-of-Lab Applications.

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference·2025
Same journal

Correction to "Velocity Loss During Resistance Training: Implications for Concurrent Training Adaptations".

Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports·2026
Same journal

Sit-To-Stand Breaks to Optimize Cardiometabolic Health Effects Following Exercise in Sedentary Adults With Dyslipidaemia: A Randomized Crossover Trial.

Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports·2026
Same journal

How Does Manipulation of Advanced Running Shoe Midsole Compliance Influence Frontal Plane Kinematics and Kinetics?

Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports·2026
Same journal

The Development, Validation and Reliability of the Sports Injury Prevention Behavior Determinants Questionnaire.

Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports·2026
Same journal

Rapid Torque Production of the Knee Extensors: An Integrative Analysis of Neuromuscular and Muscle-Tendon Determinants.

Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports·2026
Same journal

Skeletal Muscle Mass Is Independently Associated With Water Turnover in Male Athletes.

Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Author Spotlight: Integrating Alveolar-Capillary Reserve Measurements in Exercise Adaptation and Therapeutic Strategies
08:44

Author Spotlight: Integrating Alveolar-Capillary Reserve Measurements in Exercise Adaptation and Therapeutic Strategies

Published on: February 2, 2024

1.5K

Changes in lung function during an extreme mountain ultramarathon.

G Vernillo1,2, N Rinaldo3, A Giorgi4

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
|September 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extreme mountain ultramarathons significantly impair lung function, with expiratory and inspiratory capacities declining during and after the event. Maximum voluntary ventilation also decreased, correlating with performance.

Keywords:
Fatiguepulmonary functionrespiratory musclespirometryultra trailultra-endurance

More Related Videos

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
07:09

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise

Published on: February 20, 2017

13.8K
Generation of a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Model in Mice by Repeated Ozone Exposure
08:17

Generation of a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Model in Mice by Repeated Ozone Exposure

Published on: August 25, 2017

10.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Author Spotlight: Integrating Alveolar-Capillary Reserve Measurements in Exercise Adaptation and Therapeutic Strategies
08:44

Author Spotlight: Integrating Alveolar-Capillary Reserve Measurements in Exercise Adaptation and Therapeutic Strategies

Published on: February 2, 2024

1.5K
Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
07:09

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise

Published on: February 20, 2017

13.8K
Generation of a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Model in Mice by Repeated Ozone Exposure
08:17

Generation of a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Model in Mice by Repeated Ozone Exposure

Published on: August 25, 2017

10.7K

Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Pulmonary Function Testing

Background:

  • Extreme mountain ultramarathons (MUM) present unique physiological challenges.
  • Understanding the impact of such events on respiratory health is crucial for athlete well-being.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the longitudinal effects of a 330 km mountain ultramarathon on pulmonary function in experienced male runners.

Main Methods:

  • Pulmonary function tests including FVC, FEV1, PEF, IC, and MVV12 were administered pre, mid, and post-MUM.
  • Running speed was monitored to assess performance.
  • Statistical analysis correlated pulmonary function changes with performance metrics.

Main Results:

  • A significant decline in running speed (-43.0%) was observed.
  • Expiratory and inspiratory lung function showed significant reductions at mid and post-MUM.
  • Maximum voluntary ventilation in 12 seconds (MVV12) decreased progressively throughout the event.
  • Negative correlations were found between pre-race MVV12 and performance time, and between pre- to post-race MVV12 changes and performance.

Conclusions:

  • Extreme mountain ultramarathons lead to a continuous decline in pulmonary function.
  • High ventilation demands in harsh mountainous environments are likely contributors to these respiratory changes.
  • Reduced pulmonary function may impact ultra-endurance performance in demanding terrains.