Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Full-Endoscopic Transforaminal Approach for Lumbar Discectomy
Published on: September 8, 2023
Surgery related complications in percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy under local anesthesia
Koichi Sairyo1, Tetsuya Matsuura, Kosaku Higashino
1Department of Orthopedics, the University of Tokushima.
Abstract:
The minimally invasive percutaneous endoscopic discectomy (PED) as the postero-lateral approach with the local anesthesia was started in the late 20th century. The procedure only requires 8 mm of skin incision; thus, it is the least invasive disc surgery presently. The surgery related complications were reviewed in the initial 100 cases from the single surgeon (K. S., first author). Two cases showed exiting nerve irritation, and complained of leg paresthetic pain for 6 to 12 weeks after the surgery (2.0%). The symptoms got better with medicines. One showed post-surgical epidural hematoma, and required surgical removal of the mass (1.0%). Two cases complained neck pain during surgery (2.0%). Surgeons would be aware of the specific complications for the postero-lateral approach of PED procedure.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy
Sigmoidoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible sigmoidoscope equipped with a light source and camera to examine the rectum and sigmoid colon. The procedure involves inserting the tube through the anus...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

