Controlling the self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles by competing dipolar and isotropic particle interactions

Control over the self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) into superstructures due to different types of coupling is of interest in the development of "bottom-up" fabrication schemes. Here we realize a simple strategy for the systematic variation of particle interaction potential in magnetic nanoparticles. This is achieved by varying the effective surface potential by means of a co-surfactant introduced in the course of the synthesis process. As a consequence, the ability to form chain-like assemblies is affected by the resulting balance of attractive and repulsive forces. We use electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and light scattering methods to study a series of cobalt nanoparticles as a characteristic example of ferromagnetic MNP. We demonstrate experimentally and substantiate theoretically that the observed behavior results from a balance between magnetic dipole-dipole, steric, and electrostatic interactions.