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Related Concept Videos

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily...
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Bone Disorders01:29

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Phosphate Buffer01:22

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The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
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Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

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In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
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Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
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Related Experiment Video

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Assessing Cellular Target Engagement by SHP2 PTPN11 Phosphatase Inhibitors
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[Phosphate disorders: hyperphosphatemia or pseudohyperphosphatemia?].

Nicole Aeberhard1, Christof Schild1, Nicolas Rodondi1

  • 1Universitätsklinik für Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Inselspital Bern; Universitätsinstitut für klinische Chemie, Inselspital Bern.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This case study highlights persistent hyperphosphatemia in an elderly woman. Pseudohyperphosphatemia due to multiple myeloma paraproteins interfering with lab tests is discussed.

Keywords:
HyperphosphatämieMultiples MyelomParaproteinämiePseudohyperphosphatämiehyperphosphatemiamultiple myelomaparaproteinemiapseudohyperphosphatemia

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Elderly patients can present with complex electrolyte disturbances.
  • Renal insufficiency, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia are serious conditions requiring prompt diagnosis.
  • Multiple myeloma is a hematologic malignancy associated with various complications.

Observation:

  • A 79-year-old woman experienced progressive confusion and drowsiness.
  • Initial diagnosis included renal insufficiency, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, and severe hyperphosphatemia.
  • Despite treatment, renal insufficiency improved, but hyperphosphatemia persisted without a clear cause.

Findings:

  • Persistent hyperphosphatemia in this patient remained unexplained by standard causes.
  • Paraproteins, particularly in multiple myeloma, can interfere with laboratory phosphate measurements.
  • This interference can lead to falsely elevated phosphate levels, termed pseudohyperphosphatemia.

Implications:

  • It is crucial to consider pseudohyperphosphatemia in patients with paraproteinemia and unexplained hyperphosphatemia.
  • Laboratory methods for phosphate measurement may require specific validation in the presence of paraproteins.
  • Accurate phosphate measurement is essential for appropriate patient management and treatment decisions.