Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Point and Frameshift Mutations01:30

Point and Frameshift Mutations

1.7K
Point mutations are genetic alterations involving the change of a single nucleotide base pair in DNA. Depending on how the alteration affects protein synthesis, they can lead to various consequences.Point mutations fall into the following types:Silent mutations occur when a nucleotide change does not alter the amino acid sequence due to the redundancy of the genetic code. For instance, changing ACC to ACA still encodes threonine, leaving the protein function unaffected. This occurs because...
1.7K
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

4.5K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
4.5K
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

3.1K
The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
3.1K
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

32.6K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
32.6K
Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

5.2K
Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
5.2K
Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

5.1K
Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
5.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Merkel cell polyomavirus exploits extracellular vesicles for skin infection and host immune evasion through activated Wnt signaling.

PLoS pathogens·2026
Same author

Increasing intrinsic protein disorder improves CD8+ immunogenicity for a SARS CoV2 vaccine candidate antigen.

Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy·2026
Same author

Spatially Resolved Microglial State Transitions Govern Strain-Specific Zika Neuropathogenesis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Molecular architecture and diversity of StopGo/2A translational recoding.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Pharmacologic reversion of Merkel cell carcinoma via CBP/p300 inhibition.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Comprehensive analysis of yeast +1 ribosomal frameshifting unveils a novel stimulator supporting two distinct frameshifting mechanisms.

Nucleic acids research·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing
10:18

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: October 16, 2018

15.3K

Human DNA tumor viruses generate alternative reading frame proteins through repeat sequence recoding.

Hyun Jin Kwun1, Tuna Toptan1, Suzane Ramos da Silva2

  • 1Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213;

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|October 2, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two human tumor viruses, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), use programmed ribosomal frameshifting to create novel proteins from their latency-associated nuclear antigens.

Keywords:
EBVHHV4HHV8POLY-QPRF

More Related Videos

Engineering Oncogenic Heterozygous Gain-of-Function Mutations in Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells
12:04

Engineering Oncogenic Heterozygous Gain-of-Function Mutations in Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells

Published on: March 10, 2023

6.1K
Reverse Genetics to Engineer Positive-Sense RNA Virus Variants
15:49

Reverse Genetics to Engineer Positive-Sense RNA Virus Variants

Published on: June 9, 2022

1.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing
10:18

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: October 16, 2018

15.3K
Engineering Oncogenic Heterozygous Gain-of-Function Mutations in Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells
12:04

Engineering Oncogenic Heterozygous Gain-of-Function Mutations in Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells

Published on: March 10, 2023

6.1K
Reverse Genetics to Engineer Positive-Sense RNA Virus Variants
15:49

Reverse Genetics to Engineer Positive-Sense RNA Virus Variants

Published on: June 9, 2022

1.6K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are human DNA tumor viruses.
  • These viruses express nuclear antigens, including latency-associated nuclear antigen 1 (LANA1) and Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), essential for viral genome maintenance and replication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms by which KSHV and EBV generate proteins from their nuclear antigens.
  • To identify previously undescribed alternative reading frame (ARF) proteins produced by these viruses.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of LANA1 and EBNA1 sequences and expression.
  • Identification and characterization of alternative reading frame (ARF) proteins generated through programmed ribosomal frameshifting.

Main Results:

  • Both KSHV LANA1 and EBV EBNA1 undergo efficient +1/-2 programmed ribosomal frameshifting.
  • This frameshifting generates previously undescribed ARF proteins: EBNA1(ARF) and KSHV LANA1(ARF).
  • EBNA1(ARF) is a glutamine- and glutamic acid-rich protein similar to KSHV LANA, while KSHV LANA1(ARF) is a serine/arginine-like protein.

Conclusions:

  • Repeat sequence recoding via programmed frameshifting is a novel mechanism in human DNA viruses.
  • This process increases viral coding capacity without impacting capsid size.
  • Studying viral repeat recoding may offer insights into similar mechanisms in cellular genes like huntingtin.