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Related Concept Videos

Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading
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Selection pressure in alternative reading frames.

Katharina Mir1, Steffen Schober1

  • 1Institute of Communications Engineering, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.

Plos One
|October 2, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Overlapping genes in bacteria are protected by purifying selection in the main coding frame. This protection is strongest in the -2 reading frame, minimizing genetic noise and aiding gene evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Overlapping genes, sharing DNA loci in different reading frames, are increasingly identified in bacteria.
  • The evolutionary mechanisms driving the formation and maintenance of overlapping genes remain largely unknown.
  • Understanding selective pressures on these genes is crucial for deciphering their evolutionary trajectories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how selection pressure on a protein-coding gene influences its overlapping genes in alternative reading frames.
  • To quantify selection pressure and genetic noise in overlapping gene systems.
  • To elucidate the evolutionary dynamics of overlapping genes in bacteria.

Main Methods:

  • Modeling gene evolution using a time-continuous Markov process.
  • Deriving models for alternative reading frames to analyze selection and genetic noise.
  • Quantifying genetic noise using conditional entropy.

Main Results:

  • Purifying selection in the primary coding frame (+1) inherently protects overlapping sequences, particularly in the -2 reading frame.
  • Genetic noise, measured by conditional entropy, is minimized in the -2 reading frame when the primary frame is under selection.
  • This suggests a mechanism where selection on one gene can shield its overlapping counterpart.

Conclusions:

  • The embedding of genetic information in the -2 reading frame offers significant protection via selection acting on the primary coding frame.
  • Minimal genetic noise in the -2 frame under selection supports its role in the evolution of overlapping genes.
  • These findings provide insights into the evolutionary stability and potential advantages of overlapping gene structures in bacterial genomes.