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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Horizontal Hippocampal Slices of the Mouse Brain
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Unconscious relational encoding depends on hippocampus.

Simone B Duss1, Thomas P Reber1, Jürgen Hänggi2

  • 11 Division of Experimental Psychology and Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 2 Centre for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

Brain : a Journal of Neurology
|October 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Processing modes, not consciousness, differentiate memory systems. Unconscious relational memory encoding relies on the hippocampus, while single-item encoding does not.

Keywords:
flexibleimplicitnondeclarativerelationalsubliminal

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Traditional models posit memory systems are divided by consciousness.
  • The hippocampus is traditionally linked to conscious encoding, and the neocortex to both conscious and unconscious encoding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether processing modes (single item vs. relational encoding) or consciousness divides memory systems.
  • To determine the role of the hippocampus in unconscious memory encoding.

Main Methods:

  • Three neuroimaging experiments were conducted with amnesic patients and healthy controls.
  • Participants performed single-item and relational encoding tasks with subliminal (unconscious) word presentation.
  • Performance was compared between groups and tasks, with a focus on hippocampal activation.

Main Results:

  • Amnesic patients and controls performed equally on unconscious single-item encoding, activating the prefrontal cortex.
  • Amnesic patients failed at unconscious relational encoding, while controls succeeded, activating the hippocampus.
  • Three amnesic patients showed normal performance on unconscious relational encoding, suggesting spared hippocampal function.

Conclusions:

  • Processing modes, rather than consciousness, appear to divide memory systems.
  • Unconscious relational memory encoding is dependent on the hippocampus.
  • Consciousness may modulate function within a memory system rather than defining distinct systems.