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Updated: Apr 23, 2026

A Simplified Stepwise Approach to Echo Guidance during Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair
Published on: October 16, 2021
Intraprocedural guidance: which imaging technique ranks highest and which one is complementary for closing
Thomas Bartel1, Silvana Müller1
11 Department of Cardiology, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates ; 2 Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology Division, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria.
Abstract:
Echocardiographic guidance is critical for procedural success of paravalvular leak closure. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and particularly three-dimensional echocardiography represent the gold standards. Fusion imaging provides real-time integration of three-dimensional echocardiography and X-ray fluoroscopy and can further facilitate spatial orientation, wire placement and device deployment. Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) is a secondary approach possibly beneficial in selected cases.
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