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Related Concept Videos

Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

20
DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

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In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

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Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this...
4
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

7
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

377
Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
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Real-Time Dynamic Collection of Hippocampal Extracellular Fluid from Conscious Rats Using a Microdialysis System
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[Hepatic encephalopathy: recent developments].

Pierre Deltenre, Darius Moradpour

    Revue Medicale Suisse
    |October 4, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a brain dysfunction in liver disease. Rifaximin effectively maintains remission of HE, while liver transplantation is a key consideration for cirrhotic patients.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Hepatology
    • Gastroenterology

    Background:

    • Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological complication of liver failure or porto-systemic shunts.
    • Current classification in cirrhosis includes covert and overt HE, with covert HE requiring sensitive diagnostic methods.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy.
    • To highlight the role of rifaximin in maintaining remission and the consideration of liver transplantation.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of hepatic encephalopathy classification and therapeutic options.
    • Analysis of current treatment guidelines and clinical evidence for lactulose and rifaximin.

    Main Results:

    • Covert hepatic encephalopathy necessitates specialized diagnostic tools.
    • Rifaximin demonstrates efficacy in sustaining remission of hepatic encephalopathy.
    • Liver transplantation emerges as a critical discussion point for cirrhotic patients experiencing HE.

    Conclusions:

    • Hepatic encephalopathy management requires accurate classification and sensitive diagnosis.
    • Rifaximin is a valuable therapeutic agent for long-term HE control.
    • Early consideration of liver transplantation is vital for eligible cirrhotic patients with HE.