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Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer
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Prostate specific antigen. Current clinical application and future prospects.

Katerina Duskova1, Stepan Vesely

  • 1Department of Urology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic.

Biomedical Papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia
|October 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a sensitive marker for prostate cancer detection and treatment monitoring. Ongoing research aims to improve PSA testing accuracy and specificity to reduce overdiagnosis and overtreatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a key biomarker for prostate cancer.
  • PSA testing has improved cancer detection but faces application controversies.
  • Benign and malignant prostate diseases can elevate PSA levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical aspects, clinical use, and future directions of PSA testing.
  • To address the controversies surrounding PSA test interpretation and application.
  • To explore advancements in PSA detection and new biomarker development.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of PubMed and Web of Science databases.
  • Inclusion of original research and review articles.
  • Focus on historical, clinical, and future aspects of PSA.

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Last Updated: Apr 23, 2026

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Main Results:

  • PSA is a sensitive marker for prostate cancer detection, response assessment, and follow-up.
  • Controversy persists regarding optimal PSA thresholds for prostate biopsy.
  • Ultrasensitive PSA assays enable early relapse detection and identification of prognostic variables.
  • Research is exploring PSA complexes and other biomarkers for improved specificity.

Conclusions:

  • PSA remains crucial for prostate cancer management, but its application requires refinement.
  • Lowering PSA biopsy thresholds may increase detection of low-risk cancers.
  • Advanced PSA detection methods offer prognostic insights and earlier relapse identification.
  • Future biomarkers aim to enhance specificity, reduce overdiagnosis, overtreatment, and healthcare costs.