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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

9
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
10
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

8
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

7.0K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
7.0K
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Related Experiment Video

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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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Differentiated thyroid cancer and pregnancy.

Shiny Sherlie Varghese1, Ashish Varghese2, Chris Ayshford3

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab India.

The Indian Journal of Surgery
|October 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the second most common pregnancy malignancy. Management has shifted to a conservative approach, often delaying treatment until after delivery, except in specific aggressive cases.

Keywords:
CytologyDifferentiated thyroid cancerPregnancyRisk stratificationUltrasonography

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Obstetrics

Background:

  • Thyroid cancer is the second most common malignancy diagnosed during pregnancy.
  • Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is prevalent in reproductive-aged women due to hormonal influences (estrogen, hCG).
  • Current management strategies for DTC have evolved towards a more conservative approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the current understanding and management of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) during pregnancy.
  • To emphasize the multidisciplinary approach required for managing DTC in pregnant patients.
  • To define criteria for immediate intervention versus delayed management until postpartum.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical guidelines regarding DTC in pregnancy.
  • Analysis of factors influencing management decisions.
  • Synthesis of recommendations for coordinated care among specialists.

Main Results:

  • DTC diagnosis during pregnancy requires careful consideration of maternal and fetal well-being.
  • A conservative management approach is generally favored, with treatment often deferred until after delivery.
  • Exceptions to delayed treatment include airway compromise, aggressive cytologic features, local invasion, extracapsular spread, and poor prognostic factors.

Conclusions:

  • Management of DTC in pregnancy necessitates a collaborative effort between surgeons, endocrinologists, radiologists, pathologists, and obstetricians.
  • Timely intervention is crucial for cases presenting with concerning features or poor prognostic indicators.
  • The shift towards conservative management aims to balance cancer control with optimizing pregnancy outcomes.