More thoughts on the unconscious: reply to Brody and to Lewicki and Hill

Brody (1989) and Lewicki and Hill (1989) present commentaries on my central thesis (Reber, 1989) that there exist powerful induction routines that operate largely independently of awareness and yield rich and complex tacit knowledge that resists attempts to make it conscious, although these commentaries are of dramatically different kinds. Because there is a fairly clear basis of agreement between Lewicki and Hill and the points that I made, this reply deals almost entirely with the issues raised by Brody. The focus is on two classes of issues: (a) those of a methodological nature that surround the general problem of doing experiments on unconscious cognition and (b) those that derive from considerations of evolutionary biology that provide a basis for arguing that implicit operations are primary and form the foundation for conscious processes.