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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

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In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution01:25

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

430
Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

542
Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Physiological Barriers01:25

Physiological Barriers

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Physiological barriers are semi-permeable cellular structures restricting drug diffusion into intracellular compartments and tissues. There are six types of physiological barriers: blood endothelial, cell membrane, blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood-placenta, and blood-testis barriers.
The blood endothelial barrier is the most porous of these. It allows all small ionized, un-ionized, and lipophilic molecules to pass through the endothelial lining into the interstitial space...
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Contractility Measurements of Human Uterine Smooth Muscle to Aid Drug Development
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Basic obstetric pharmacology.

Yang Zhao1, Mary F Hebert2, Raman Venkataramanan3

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 718 Salk Hall, 3501 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.

Seminars in Perinatology
|October 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pregnancy significantly alters drug pharmacokinetics, often increasing drug clearance and reducing exposure. Optimizing medication requires further research into drug dosing during pregnancy.

Keywords:
PharmacokineticsPharmacologyPregnancyclinical pharmacologyplacental transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Obstetrics
  • Drug Metabolism

Background:

  • Physiological changes during pregnancy impact drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
  • Limited data exists on medication behavior in pregnant individuals.
  • Understanding these alterations is crucial for safe and effective drug use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review basic pharmacokinetic principles.
  • To discuss pregnancy-related physiological changes affecting drug disposition.
  • To summarize recent clinical pharmacokinetic studies in pregnant women.

Main Methods:

  • Review of fundamental pharmacokinetic concepts (absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, transport).
  • Discussion of physiological alterations during pregnancy.
  • Literature review of clinical pharmacokinetic studies in pregnant populations.

Main Results:

  • Pregnancy generally increases the clearance of many drugs.
  • This increased clearance leads to decreased drug exposure during pregnancy.
  • Current data suggests dose or regimen adjustments are often necessary.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmacokinetic alterations during pregnancy necessitate careful consideration of drug therapy.
  • Dose adjustments are essential for certain medications.
  • Further clinical pharmacological research in pregnant women is vital for optimizing treatment.