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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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Conduct disorder is a complex mental health diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms, the rights of others, or age-appropriate rules. The diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder require the presence of at least three problematic behaviors within the past 12 months, with at least one occurring in the past six months. These behaviors are grouped into four categories: aggression toward people and animals; destruction of property;...
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Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD
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Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

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Sex differences in ADHD symptom severity.

Anne B Arnett1, Bruce F Pennington1, Erik G Willcutt2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA.

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
|October 7, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sex differences in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are real, not just artifact. Genetic and cognitive factors contribute to higher ADHD symptom severity in males compared to females.

Keywords:
ADHDcognitive developmentgender differencemediationneuropsychology

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Males exhibit higher incidence rates of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) compared to females.
  • Explanations for this disparity include genuine etiological differences or potential artifacts in diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the underlying causes of sex differences in ADHD symptom severity.
  • To determine if cognitive factors mediate the observed sex disparity in ADHD.

Main Methods:

  • A large cohort of 2,332 youth (twins and siblings) underwent comprehensive behavioral and cognitive assessments.
  • Statistical models (mean difference, variance difference) were employed to analyze symptom severity distribution.
  • The Delta method assessed the mediating role of processing speed, inhibition, and working memory in sex differences.

Main Results:

  • The combined mean and variance difference models successfully accounted for the observed sex difference in ADHD symptom severity.
  • Cognitive endophenotypes were found to mediate approximately 14% of the sex difference in ADHD symptom severity.

Conclusions:

  • The observed sex difference in ADHD symptom severity is considered valid.
  • Differing genetic and cognitive liabilities between males and females may underlie the sex disparity in ADHD.