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Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Large-Scale Multi-Omics Genome-Wide Association Studies Mo-GWAS: Guidelines for Sample Preparation and Normalization
Published on: July 27, 2021
Higher-order genetic interactions and their contribution to complex traits
Matthew B Taylor1, Ian M Ehrenreich1
1Molecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way RRI 201B, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2910, USA.
Abstract:
The contribution of genetic interactions involving three or more loci to complex traits is poorly understood. These higher-order genetic interactions (HGIs) are difficult to detect in genetic mapping studies, therefore, few examples of them have been described. However, the lack of data on HGIs should not be misconstrued as proof that this class of genetic effect is unimportant. To the contrary, evidence from model organisms suggests that HGIs frequently influence genetic studies and contribute to many complex traits. Here, we review the growing literature on HGIs and discuss the future of research on this topic.
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