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Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury
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Advances in functional electrical stimulation (FES).

Dejan B Popović1

  • 1University of Belgrade, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SASA), Belgrade, Serbia.

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology : Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology
|October 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This review explores enhancing electrical stimulation for movement restoration after central nervous system injury. It proposes a hybrid controller for functional electrical stimulation (FES) and discusses electrode technology and combining FES with robotics.

Keywords:
ElectrodesFunctional electrical stimulationMimetic modelNeurorehabilitationStimulators

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Rehabilitation Technology

Background:

  • Central nervous system (CNS) injuries and diseases often result in impaired motor function.
  • Electrical stimulation offers a potential avenue for restoring or assisting movement.
  • Current limitations necessitate advancements in stimulation techniques and control strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review necessary advancements for improving electrical stimulation's efficacy in movement restoration.
  • To present a model of electrical stimulation effects on peripheral motor and sensory systems.
  • To propose suitable control strategies and technological considerations for functional electrical stimulation (FES).

Main Methods:

  • A complex model of peripheral electrical stimulation effects was developed.
  • The model analyzes the activation of both motor and sensory systems.
  • Hierarchical hybrid controllers are proposed as a suitable control architecture for FES.

Main Results:

  • Electrical stimulation activates both motor and sensory neural systems.
  • A hierarchical hybrid controller is structurally analogous to biological systems, making it suitable for FES.
  • Both surface and implantable electrodes have roles, with surface electrodes preferred for therapy and implantable for long-term use.

Conclusions:

  • Advancements in FES are crucial for movement restoration in CNS disorders.
  • Hierarchical hybrid controllers offer a promising approach for FES systems.
  • Combining FES with robotic systems may be necessary for comprehensive assistance in some cases.