Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

14.2K
The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
14.2K
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

3.5K
The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
3.5K
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

63.9K
Overview
63.9K
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

6.7K
The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
6.7K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

3.0K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
3.0K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

13.5K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
13.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Anticholinergic drug use and risk of mortality for people with dementia in Northern Ireland.

Aging & mental health·2020
Same author

Association of cicatricial alopecia with chemical hair straightening.

The British journal of dermatology·2019
Same author

Pseudofolliculitis barbae: understanding the condition and the role of facial grooming.

International journal of cosmetic science·2016
Same author

Setting environmental exposure standards: Current concepts and controversies.

International journal of environmental health research·2016
Same author

Climate change, food systems and population health risks in their eco-social context.

Public health·2015
Same author

Clinical applications of monoclonal antibodies.

Immunology today·2014
Same journal

Foreword.

Immunology today·2020
Same journal

The origin and significance of anti-DNA antibodies.

Immunology today·2014
Same journal

Mutations of class II MHC molecules.

Immunology today·2014
Same journal

Antigen processing at the molecular level.

Immunology today·2014
Same journal

Phenotypically and functionally distinct T-cell subsets in anti-tumor responses.

Immunology today·2014
Same journal

Are MHC class II-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes important?

Immunology today·2014
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing
08:59

T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: January 12, 2021

7.4K

B-cell or T-cell immunity?

A J McMichael1, B A Askonas2, R G Webster3

  • 1A. J. McMichael is in the Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, U.K.

Immunology Today
|October 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Influenza viruses unpredictably cause pandemics due to their antigenic variation. Current vaccines are insufficient because the immune system cannot effectively respond to these changes, leaving influenza uncontrolled.

More Related Videos

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
06:15

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Published on: September 7, 2018

9.0K
Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development
08:25

Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development

Published on: January 22, 2021

17.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 22, 2026

T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing
08:59

T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: January 12, 2021

7.4K
Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
06:15

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Published on: September 7, 2018

9.0K
Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development
08:25

Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development

Published on: January 22, 2021

17.7K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Influenza viruses are highly infectious and unpredictable agents responsible for devastating pandemics.
  • Despite decades of study, influenza remains largely uncontrollable.
  • The virus's antigenic variability and the host immune system's inadequate response to current vaccines are key challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss challenges in protection against influenza.
  • To explore the reasons behind the lack of control over influenza virus.
  • To address the host immune system's response to influenza vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • A conference was held to discuss problems related to influenza protection.
  • The conference focused on the antigenic properties of the influenza virus.
  • Discussions centered on the limitations of current vaccines and immune responses.

Main Results:

  • The unpredictable nature of influenza virus and its antigenic alterations were highlighted.
  • The inadequacy of the host immune system's response to available vaccines was identified as a major issue.
  • The lack of effective control over influenza was attributed to these factors.

Conclusions:

  • Influenza virus's antigenic drift necessitates novel strategies for control.
  • Improving vaccine efficacy and understanding host immune responses are critical.
  • Further research is needed to overcome the challenges posed by influenza pandemics.