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Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
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Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
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The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Protocol for Plasmodium falciparum Infections in Mosquitoes and Infection Phenotype Determination
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Antigenic variation in malaria parasites.

M Hommel1

  • 1Immunology Unit, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.

Immunology Today
|October 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Malaria parasites evade immune responses through antigenic variation and sequestration in capillaries. This review explores variant antigens and endothelial-binding molecules on infected red blood cells, crucial for understanding malaria immunity.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Parasitology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Malaria parasites, particularly Plasmodium falciparum, develop sophisticated mechanisms to evade the host immune system.
  • Antigenic variation and sequestration of infected erythrocytes in deep vascular beds are key survival strategies.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is critical for developing effective malaria control and treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of variant antigens on the surface of infected erythrocytes in malaria immunity.
  • To discuss the significance of endothelial-binding molecules in parasite sequestration and immune evasion.
  • To provide insights into the complex interactions between malaria parasites and the host immune system.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on Plasmodium falciparum.
  • Analysis of research on antigenic variation and cytoadherence.
  • Discussion of immunological responses to infected erythrocytes.

Main Results:

  • Variant surface antigens (VSAs) allow parasites to evade antibody-mediated immunity.
  • Infected erythrocytes bind to endothelial receptors, leading to sequestration and reduced parasite clearance.
  • These processes contribute to severe malaria pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Antigenic variation and sequestration are critical for Plasmodium falciparum survival and virulence.
  • Targeting VSAs and endothelial-binding molecules presents potential therapeutic strategies.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate these complex immune evasion mechanisms.